CPT® Code 38221

Diagnostic bone marrow biopsy, represented by CPT® Code 38221, is a medical procedure utilized to obtain samples of bone marrow for the purpose of diagnosing various hematological diseases and cancers. This procedure involves the extraction of bone marrow aspirate or tissue samples, which can be collected from multiple anatomical sites; however, the anterior or posterior iliac crest is the most frequently chosen location due to its accessibility and the quality of the samples obtained. In certain cases, such as aspiration only, samples may also be taken from the breastbone or, particularly in pediatric patients under 18 months, from the lower leg. The procedure typically begins with aspiration, which is performed first to collect liquid bone marrow. Following this, if a biopsy is indicated, a larger needle is employed to extract a cylindrical core sample of solid bone marrow tissue. The technique requires careful navigation to avoid surrounding nerves and involves specific maneuvers to ensure successful sample collection. The procedure is critical for diagnosing conditions such as leukemia, lymphoma, and other blood disorders, providing essential information for treatment planning and patient management.