CPT® Code 78103

Bone marrow imaging is a sophisticated, non-invasive diagnostic procedure that plays a crucial role in visualizing the functional activity of bone marrow. This imaging technique is essential for diagnosing and staging various bone marrow disorders and infections, identifying the presence of metastases, and evaluating the success of bone marrow transplants. Throughout an individual's life, distinct changes occur within the bone marrow; at birth, the entire bone marrow cavity is filled with hematopoietic cells, which gradually transition to adipose tissue as the individual ages. This imaging modality is particularly valuable in assessing discrepancies between bone marrow histology and the clinical presentation of diseases, as well as in monitoring the effects of radiotherapy on the bone marrow. Additionally, bone marrow imaging can detect extramedullary hematopoiesis and help locate the optimal site for performing a bone marrow biopsy. The procedure begins with the collection of a blood sample, which is processed to separate white blood cells (WBCs) from red blood cells (RBCs). The WBCs are then tagged with a radionuclide-labeled tracer and reintroduced into the patient's bloodstream via intravenous injection. In some cases, other isotopes may also be administered intravenously. Following this, advanced imaging techniques such as Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and/or Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning are performed at specific intervals to assess various conditions, including infections, metastases, bone marrow viability, aplastic anemia, and myelofibrosis. The tracers utilized in conjunction with SPECT and/or PET scanning provide critical insights into cellular metabolism and proliferation activity within the bone marrow. Ultimately, a physician interprets the resulting Emission Computed Tomography (ECT), SPECT, CT, or PET scan images and compiles a comprehensive written report detailing the findings. It is important to note that CPT® Code 78102 is designated for bone marrow imaging of a limited area, while CPT® Code 78103 is specifically for imaging multiple areas of the bone marrow, and CPT® Code 78104 is reserved for whole-body bone marrow imaging.